{"id":549,"date":"2019-12-22T06:39:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-22T06:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/?p=549"},"modified":"2019-12-31T14:22:25","modified_gmt":"2019-12-31T14:22:25","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%ae%d8%b7-%d9%85%d9%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/featured\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%ae%d8%b7-%d9%85%d9%88\/","title":{"rendered":"RAPIDLY CHANGING CLIMATE THREATENS THE GLOBE\u2019S  FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>On September 2019 the United Nations General Assembly held a <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Action Summit<\/a>&nbsp;and expected it to become a forum to hold countries accountable to the international commitments they made to cut global warming as part of \u201cParis Climate Agreement\u2019 of 2015&nbsp;\u201dduring which it was recognized that there is a need for effective and progressive responses to the threat on the globe\u2019s rapidly changing climate taking into account the particular vulnerabilities of food production systems.Also, at the Summit it was pointed out that \u201cClimate change threatens to undo the last 50 years of progress in development, global health, and poverty reduction\u201d and that &#8220;it could push more than 120 million more people into poverty by 2030 and will have the most severe impact in poor countries, regions, and the places poor people live and work\u201d.It is believed that climate change,if continues to be unchecked will eventually have a heavy negative impact on global fisheries and aquaculture activities as well as food security, shortages in food supplies which may lead to malnutrition, poverty, food insecurity and aquaculture production systems.Fisheries around the world will have to deal with the consequences of shifting stocks and lower overall ocean productivity, even as the exact ramifications vary from region to region.The UN Summit again is making efforts to let the countries of the world to realize that climate change is already hurting the availability of food because of decreased yields and lossof land from erosion, displacement of people, loss of critical areas of food production, desertification and rising sea levels at a more rapid pace than previously thought.If emissions of greenhouse gases continue to rise, multiple threats will affect the livelihood of millions of people around the world.&nbsp; <em>Due to the continued efforts to tackle global climate change, the <\/em>annual upcoming <em>UN Climate ChangeSummit,<\/em> COP25,&nbsp; which represents the world\u2019s biggest annual conference on climate change issues which was due to be held early December <em>&nbsp;in Chile, the venue has now changed to Madrid, Spain during the period 2-13 December 2019. The international community concerned with climate change has been alarmed at this delicate stage, where scientific and natural indicators are multiplying and the risks posed by global warming. Participation is expected be more than 25 thousand people. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"373\" height=\"232\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image002.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image002.jpg 373w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image002-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 373px) 100vw, 373px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>The main issues behind Climate Change<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change the\naverage temperature of the earth&#8217;s surface has risen by 0.74\u00b0C since the late\n1800s, and is expected to increase by another 1.8\u00b0C to 4\u00b0C by the year 2100. The Paris Agreement&nbsp;of 2015 central\naim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by\nkeeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius\nabove pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature\nincrease even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main\ncauses of global warming are believed to be due to industrialization and the\nburning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) to meet increasing energy demands,\nand the spread of intensive agriculture to meet increasing food demand, which\nis often accompanied by deforestation. Furthermore, this global warming is\nbelieved to be also due to the increase of heat-trapping \u201cgreenhouse gases\u201d in\nthe atmosphere, in particular CO2, methane &amp; nitrous oxide. Whilst \u201cgreenhouse\ngases\u201d occur naturally and are critical for life on earth, in augmented and\nincreasing quantities they are believed pushing the global temperature to\nartificially high levels &amp; altering the climate. Moreover, the process of\nglobal warming shows no signs of abating and is expected to bring about long\nterm changes in weather conditions,&nbsp; as a\n2008 &nbsp;FAO report says.Human-driven climate change has made the oceans hotter\nand more acidic, depleting them of oxygen and kneecapping their ability to\nproduce life \u2013 a trend that will only continue if greenhouse gas emissions keep\nrising.The ocean covers more than<strong>&nbsp;70% of the planet\u2019s surface<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong> regulates the\nEarth\u2019s climate, produces a large proportion of the oxygen in our atmosphere\nand is the major source of food proteins for over a billion people. However, it\nis increasingly affected by&nbsp;<strong>global changes<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;and <\/strong>degraded\nmarine ecosystems are under persistent and growing risk of<strong>&nbsp;further damage<\/strong>&nbsp;from\nmicrobiological and chemical pollution, overexploitation, and climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srocc\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\">comprehensive new report<\/a>&nbsp;from the United Nations says that the entire marine food web and the fisheries that depend on it are threatened by climate change, and the only way to limit the severity of the disruption is by dramatically cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The costs and risks of delaying action are escalating. A report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was released on 25 September 2019 and focused on the impacts of climate change on the oceans. It points out that the consequences of climate change are already apparent, and will grow more severe if humanity does not take action soon.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"455\" height=\"280\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image004.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image004.jpg 455w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image004-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>What climate change means to Fisheries and\nAquaculture: <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Marine\nFisheries are affected by warming oceans which is\nlikely could &nbsp;spark international\nconflict over fisheries as it is forcing fish species to migrate in search of\ncolder waters, says a new study. Climate change is forcing fish species to\nshift their habitats faster than the world\u2019s system for allocating fish stocks,\naccording to the new research published in the journal Science. Fisheries face\na serious new challenge with climate change driving oceans to conditions not\nexperienced historically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to ClimateCentral.orgit points out that Antarctica and Greenland combined hold so much ice if all melted sea levels would rise by 80 meters and are already melting faster and faster. The study also says that future sea levels rise most rapidly in 10 countries. These are ranked by severity and the estimated number of people living within 6m. of sea level who will be displaced. These are China, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Japan, United States, Egypt, Brazil and the Netherlands. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"478\" height=\"260\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image012.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image012.jpg 478w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image012-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe right to harvest particular\nspecies of fish is often decided by national and regional fisheries management\nbodies. Those bodies have made the rules based on the notion that particular\nfish species live in particular waters and don\u2019t move much. Well, they\u2019re\nmoving now because climate change is warming ocean temperatures,\u201d said lead\nresearcher, assistant professor MalinPinsky from Rutgers University-New\nBrunswick in New Jersey, US, who led the study. Many commercially important\nfish species could move their range hundreds of kilometers northwards and the\nmovement has already begun, according to the research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquaculture role in global\nfood supply and sustainability implicationsin marked contrast with capture\nfisheries where the bulk of the fish species harvested are marine carnivorous\nfish species positioned high in the aquatic food chain, the mainstay of farmed\nfish production are freshwater omnivorous and herbivorous fish species\npositioned low in the aquatic food, including carps, tilapia and catfishes.\nMoreover whereas marine capture fisheries have been feeding the world on high\ntrophic level carnivorous fish species since mankind has been fishing the\noceans, aquaculture production within developing countries has focused, by and\nlarge, on the production of lower trophic level species \u2013 but this is changing.\nLike capture fisheries, aquaculture focus within the economically developed\ncountries has been essentially on the culture of high value, high trophic\nlevel-carnivorous fish species. The long term sustainability of these\nproduction systems is questionable unless the industry can reduce its\ndependence upon capture fisheries for sourcing raw materials for feed\nformulation and seed inputs. A new\nstudy warns coastal nations to expect their potential for aquaculture\nproduction to decline over time, as water temperatures increase and oceans\nundergo other shifts, such as acidification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is believed that marine fish species have already shifted into\nnew territories and these shifts could accelerate in the future. While this\nwould lead to the appearance of new fisheries in several countries which could\nlead that the changes of fisheries resources would also lead to conflict over\nnewly shared resources which could also mean conflicts that would not only\nspill over into international tensions over trade, borders and sovereignty, but\ncould also lead to over-fishing, threaten the food supply and reduce profit and\nemployment worldwide. Inland\nfisheries are also highly vulnerable to climate change because of the low\nbuffering capacity of water bodies including river basins. Climate change imperils the structure\nand function of already stressed coastal aquatic ecosystems. Estuaries, coral\nreefs, mangroves and sea grass beds are critical for production of wild fish.\nIn freshwater systems, ecosystem health and productivity is linked to water\nquality and flow and the health of wetlands.Some studies reached indicate that\nsmall island developing states and the world\u2019s least developed countries will\nbe among the places most vulnerable to climate change\u2019s impact on marine life\nand where alternative livelihood options may be limited. In most coastal\ncommunities, fishing is not only an important source of nutrition but also of\neconomic security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The impact on climate change is not only on the small islands and undeveloped countries but rather on developed countries as well. According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) published in June 2019 Europe\u2019s waters are expected to lose 30% of their already vulnerable ocean life to further warming. Combined with over fishing, that loss can threaten livelihood and food security in coastal nations. The study also estimates that the Earth&#8217;s oceans will lose 5%&nbsp;of marine animals globally for every degree of warming, even without taking into account the broader impacts of fishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"424\" height=\"259\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image010.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-598\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image010.jpg 424w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image010-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Effects of Climate Change on Seafood supplies<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The many\nspecies and varieties of seafood, whether captured or cultured plays an\nimportant role in human nutrition and global food supply, particularly within\nthe diet and food security of the poor and needy as a source of much needed\nessential dietary nutrients. It currently represents a major source of animal\nprotein to an estimated for about 1.25 billion people within about 40 countries\nworldwide.Moreover, with the world population expected to grow by another 2.5\nbillion by 2050, there are growing doubts as to the long term sustainability of\nmany existing agriculture and aquaculture food production systems to meet the increasing\nglobal demand for food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the\ndifferent agricultural food production systems, agriculture and aquaculture is\nwidely viewed as an important weapon in the global fight against malnutrition and\npoverty, particularly within developing countries where over 93% of global\nproduction is currently realized; the aquaculture sector providing in most\ninstances an affordable &amp; much needed food source rich in essential\nnutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Climate Change poses real threats to food\nsecurity concerns<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Climate change if not dealt with may intensify food insecurity which most developing countries are working to insure food security in their countries.&nbsp; Climate change could further decrease local agricultural productivity and make global food prices increasingly volatile, further politicizing the issue of food security. Climate change imperils the structure and function of already stressed coastal aquatic ecosystems. Estuaries, coral reefs, mangroves and sea grass beds are critical for production of wild fish. In freshwater systems, ecosystem health and productivity is linked to water quality and flow and the health of wetlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"526\" height=\"261\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image005.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image005.jpg 526w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image005-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore,\nclimate change may hinder economic growth, thereby worsening poverty and social\ninstability: The combination of higher unemployment reduced government revenue\nand increased demands on services, as an indirect result of climate change,\ncould weaken governments\u2019 ability to provide services and create jobs, in turn\npotentially creating the conditions for extremism of all kinds, increased crime\nand social breakdown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Arab coastal areas most affected\nby Climate Change<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Egypt\u2019s Nile Delta with its coastal front on the Mediterranean\nis considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. As noted above Egypt\nis the eighth exposed country expected to be highly affected by rising sea\nlevels. The Nile Delta may be turning into a salt water wasteland affecting the\nancient city of Alexandria because of the rising sea level. The northern\nEgyptian lakes are also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate\nchange.Since the lakes are relatively shallow, climate change can lead to an\nincrease in water temperature, which could result in changes in the lakes\necosystems and changes in yield.Also shoreline erosion stresses on fisheries\nand saltwater intrusion in groundwater create major challenges. Fragile and\nunique ecosystems such as the mangrove stands in the Red Sea and the Arabian\nGulf, which stabilize shorelines and provide a habitat for many species, may\nalso be threatened. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Arabian Gulf\ncoastlines may lose up to 12 per cent of its marine biodiversity in some areas\nbefore the end of the century if countries in the region do not take measures\nto address climate change. According to scientists at the University of British\nColumbia and the University of Western Australia, a business-as-usual climate\nscenario will severely affect&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/tags\/species\/\">species<\/a>&nbsp;richness\noff the coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates\n(UAE) by the end of the century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The World Bank\nGroup has a plan for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region where most\nArab countries are geographically located by increasing its financing portion\nto combat climate change.&nbsp; The MENA\ncountries are aware of their vulnerabilities and have begun taking action to\nconfront the impacts of climate change, but the challenges are enormous. Some\nof the consequences are evident when snow falls in the deserts of Saudi Arabia,\ndrought in Morocco, extreme summer temperatures reaching 54\u00b0C in Kuwait, and Sea level are expected to rise bringing worsening\nflooding of rapidly urbanizing coastal and delta areas. Rising seas will cause\nsalt-water intrusion into coastal aquifers, degrading water for drinking and\nirrigation. Furthermore, the Word Bank says that this has become the new normal of extreme weather caused by climate\nchange and as global temperatures rise, they will rise event faster in MENA\nregion. Climate conditions will become even more extreme in a region that is\nalready the hottest and driest on earth. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, the Mediterranean region in its southern and eastern coastlines where several Arab countries are locatedis exposed to several natural risks. &nbsp;In this complex situation, the Mediterranean faces new challenges, due to global climate change. Based on global climate scenarios, the Mediterranean Sea has been classified as one of the most responsive regions to climate change. Depending on the climate scenario (RCP: Representative Concentration Pathway) and the season, a rise in temperature from 2 to 6 \u00b0 C by 2100 is expected in the Mediterranean (for summer temperatures. High temperature events and heat waves are likely to become more frequent and\/or more extreme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"401\" height=\"258\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image003.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image003.jpg 401w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image003-300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In a recent interview Mr. GraminosMastrogini, the Deputy Secretary-General of the Union for the Mediterranean for Energy and Climate Affairs, warns of the consequences of climate change. He said at the end of a related conference held recently in Barcelona that climate change surrounds us from every corner, from international halls and regional meetings. He pointed out that the Mediterranean region \u201cdoes not realize the good fortune that has accompanied it for thousands of years\u201d. Recently the Union unveiled a study confirming that the temperature in the Mediterranean region has increased by about 1.5\u00b0C since the pre-industrial era or 20 percent faster than the global average. It concluded that if no further measures were taken to curb this rise, the temperature in the region would increase by 2.2 \u00b0 C by 2040. It may exceed 3.8 \u00b0 C in some sub regions by 2100. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"479\" height=\"324\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image007.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image007.png 479w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image007-300x203.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Economic impact on Climate Change<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Oxford <em>Review of Environmental Economics and Policy <\/em>published a study in 2018 in which it concludes that the \u201ccurrent estimates indicate that climate change will likely have a limited impact on the economy and human welfare in the twenty-first century. In fact, the initial impacts of climate change may well be positive. However, in the long run the negative impacts dominate the positive ones. Negative impacts will be substantially greater in poorer, hotter, and lower-lying countries. Poverty reduction complements greenhouse gas emissions reduction as a means to reduce climate change impacts. Although climate change may affect the growth rate of the global economy and may trap more people in poverty, quantification of these impacts remains difficult\u201d. While this conclusion seemed to be that changing climate phenomenon worldwide in the short run could have some advantages but in the longer run the negative results especially on the poorer developing countries will bring disasters and increase poverty in the various aspects of the lives of the people in these poor regions which the strategies to combat the challenges of climate change are urgently required.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Strategies to combat the challenges of Climate\nChange<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The challenges of climate change and security on the affected countries are overwhelming to say the least.These challenges, with different levels of impacts require urgent actions by national governments and authorities, civil society and the international community in order to combat climate change, adapt to its impacts, manage increasingly scarce resources and foster greater cooperation on their shared resources. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"371\" height=\"217\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image008.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image008.jpg 371w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image008-300x175.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The United Nations\u2019 Global Goal 13 urges all countries to take\nrapid and dramatic climate action to prevent catastrophic environmental\nconsequences. Some countries are stepping up to confront this crisis, but it&#8217;s\ngoing to take a lot&nbsp;more than just strong words to drive significant\nchange.<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Global emissions are at an all-time high and the past four years\nwere the hottest on record. Unusual climate changes phenomena are increasing globally\nat a rapid rate. <\/em>Climate Change is increasing the frequency and\nintensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods and\ntropical cyclones, aggravating water management problems, reducing agricultural\nproduction and food security, increasing health risks, damaging critical\ninfrastructure and interrupting the provision of basic services such as water\nand sanitation, education, energy and transport. <em>Forest fires and floods in several parts of the world are\nbecoming more regular such as in California, Portugal, France, Japan and other\ncountries worldwide.The impacts of sea level rise, as a direct result of global\nwarming, will see hundreds of millions of people displaced from coastal towns\nand entire islands eradicated. Global Citizen Campaigns on the United Nations\u2019\nGlobal Goals, including Goal 13provided the <\/em>data\nand statistics in the following facts and figures: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>From 1880 to\n2012, average global temperature increased by 0.85\u00b0C;<\/li><li>Oceans have\nwarmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level has risen.\nFrom 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by 19 cm as oceans\nexpanded. The Arctic\u2019s sea ice extent has shrunk in every successive decade\nsince 1979;<\/li><li>Global\nemissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by almost 50 per cent since\n1990; and<\/li><li>Emissions grew\nmore quickly between 2000 and 2010 than in each of the three previous decades. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Consequently the following targets need to be met:<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disaster;&nbsp; <\/li><li>Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning;<\/li><li>Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning;<\/li><li>Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization; and <\/li><li>Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and Small Island developing states, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"421\" height=\"262\" src=\"http:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image011.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image011.jpg 421w, https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image011-300x187.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Urgent action is required:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The message is clear: climate\nchange threatens marine fishes and the stability of global fisheries including\nfisheries resources in the Arab region and other countries around the world.\nThis underlines yet another reason to urgently reduce carbon emissions and\nutilize clean energy to power the future. Climate change impacts such as more\nfrequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security\nof many people. The impact and consequences of climate change on aquatic ecosystems,\nfisheries and aquaculture &#8211; and on the people that depend on them &#8211; remain\nuncertain and less well-known. The traditional fisheries sector operates in\ncoastal areas therefore a call for action to minimize the effects of climate\nchange on Arab region\u2019s fisheries resources is urgently required. This call for\nurgent action also requires full support from international organizations as\nwell as relevant Arab official institutions to the bodies operating in the\nregion dedicated to protect the sustainability of the fisheries resources and\nthe environment. The relevant major organizations include FAO established fisheries\nbodies: Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) of which the GCC States and\nIran are members; the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)\nin which membership includes Arab states bordering the eastern and southern\nshores of the&nbsp; Mediterranean, the Regional Organization for the\nConservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA)\nheadquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as well as the relevant national and\ninternational fisheries and environmental organizations concerned. Support to\nthese bodies will contribute in stabilizing and reviving the depleting\nfisheries stocks and save the resources for future generations by employing\nresponsible fisheries operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It should be pointed out,\nhowever, that several international actions towards combating climate change havebegun.\nIn October 2019 the sixth \u201cOur Ocean Conference\u201d held in Norway generated 370\npledges for a clean, healthy and productive oceans. The Governments made 62% of\ncommitments, representing 7% of total funding. The private sector made 16\ncommitments, or 61 commitments, and these totaled 79% of total funding of U.S.\n$ 50.3 million. Furthermore during an international conference held on 24\nOctober in Geneva, the head of the Global Fund to fight diseases concluded that\nclimate change is making it harder to eradicate deadly epidemics due to rising\ntemperatures. Other consequences were noted to increase risk of disease from\ndirect climate change. <em>&nbsp;<\/em>Finally, those responsible\nfor combating climate change must work on the reversal of the consequences of\nglobal warming, which is powerful threat to the planet and humanity.<strong>Rising sea levels are not only about an\nexistential threat to the small and low-lying islands but also to developed\ncountries. Climate change also threatens an economic if major fisheries were\ntoextinct. Small island countries are on the frontline of being swallowed into\nan abyss, created initially by human activity and increasingly by inaction.\nClimate change has a global consensusand therefore meeting the challenge with\nglobal efforts is commonly accepted.&nbsp;\nWith this in mind world leaders should realize the urgency of the\nsituation buttressed with willingness, preparedness and funding.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: On September 2019 the United Nations General Assembly held a Climate Action Summit&nbsp;and expected it to become a forum<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6,12],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/549"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=549"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/549\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":608,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/549\/revisions\/608"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.fanarpublishing.net\/arabworldagribusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}